F-111 Wings, Paint Schemes & Notes
By Jim Rotramel
A pair 493rd TFS
F-111Fs from the 48th TFW orbiting near Konya Bombing Range in south-central Turkey in
February 1986, two months before Operation El Dorado Canyon. Note the difference in
profile when the Pave Tack pod was retracted (foreground) and extended (background). Also,
note that the AN/ALQ-131 ECM pods at this time had white radomes. Each aircraft was armed
with GBU-10E/Bs (with blue, inert warheads) on the outboard pylons and SUU-21/A practice
bomb dispensers in the inboard pylons.
The wings had full-span slats and double-slotted flaps. The
trailing edge of the flaps had a curious ‘bump’ on all variants of the aircraft.
They swept back into the top of the fuselage and were covered by large panels called
‘over-wing fairings’. These fairings were hinged at the front to lift up during
supersonic or high-G flight and equalize air pressure within the fuselage/wing cavity.
Roll control was provided by two sets of spoilers. The
inboard set ‘locked down’ when the wings swept past 45 degrees, while the
outboards locked down at 47 degrees.
The FB-111A, F-111B and F-111C featured wingspans extended
by seven feet.
When parked, the F-111’s wings were usually either
swept back to 54 degrees or forward to 16 degrees with the flaps at 35 degrees and slats
extended (the stabilizers ‘drooped’ until supplied with hydraulic pressure
during engine start). NOTE: you DON’T have to buy aftermarket flaps and
slats—it’s perfectly acceptable to build a parked aircraft with the flaps and
slats retracted.
After engine start, the wings were set to 16 degrees during
the ground checks, and normally to 54 degrees for taxi. Prior to takeoff they were again
put to 16 degrees with the slats down and the flaps at 25 degrees. At this time the
‘ground roll spoiler’ switch was activated, raising the spoilers whenever both
throttles were in idle. This feature killed lift and shortened the ground roll during
landings or takeoff aborts.
Takeoff was at about 160 KTAS, and the wings were quickly
‘cleaned up’ and swept to 26 degrees for climb out, initial cruise, and/or air
refueling. The most common sweep settings for low level were 35 or 44 degrees, with the
latter being used for ‘toss’ weapon deliveries.
Depending on the amount of fuel remaining, landing
approaches were normally flown at slightly slower speeds than takeoff, with the sweep set
at 16-20 degrees, slats down and flaps at 35 degrees (25 degrees if single engine). After
landing, the ground roll spoiler switch was deactivated and the wings swept to 54 degrees
for taxi back to parking.
The fabric wing seal that
covered the wing cavity is shown above
Above left - The top of
an F-111D wing with the flaps and slats fully deployed.
Above right - The bottom of an F-111D
wing the flaps and slats fully deployed. Note that while the pylons
are flush with the wing in front of the pivot point, there is a gap
between the two aft of that.
Scaledown has produced wings with flaps
and slats extended for both short and long wings. The wings are complete
units, including precut wings that allow you to throw away the kit wings.
Because of resin shrinkage, the fit of the flaps and slats isn’t
perfect, but shouldn’t pose a problem for a reasonably capable
modeler. One note on the short wings—fill the hole for the outboard
pylon. Short-wing airplanes never used that pylon.
Paragon has produced a modification kit
for the short wing airplanes for extended flaps and slats as well. These
are a bit more of a modeling challenge because they require you to cut
away the front and back of the kit wings. Shrinkage is a minor problem
with these wings as well, but a good model can be made using this kit
as well. One nice touch with the Paragon kit is the inclusion of photo-etch
parts to simulate the fabric wing cavity seals.
Wing Stations
All F-111s were constructed with provisions
for four outboard pylons fixed for carriage at 26 degrees of wing-sweep.
However, of these, only the inboard fixed pylons were used operationally,
and only by FB-111As for carriage of two extra 600-gal external fuel
tanks (explaining the ‘pigeon-toed’ appearance of some FB-111A
fuel tanks on takeoff).
Other variants only used the four movable
inboard pylons, with external tank carriage being limited to F-111Cs,
F-111Es, and F-111Fs (and ONLY from the outboard pylon). Operationally,
fuel tanks would probably only be used in conjunction with AGM-69A SRAMs
(FB-111As only) or B61 nuclear weapons on the inboard pylons.
The “600-gallon” external fuel
tanks in the Minicraft F-111 kits were woefully undersized. The Monogram
A-10 tanks were closer, but still undersized. Scaledown has produced
corrected fuel tanks, with different versions for both the tactical
and strategic aircraft.
As training aircraft FB-111As modified
as F-111Gs no longer carried any tanks. However, they did retain the
FB-111A pylons, which were pointed at the front and more sharply angled
at the back than those found on other F-111s.
Scaledown products now made by Ozmods,
has produced the FB-111A/F111G pylons.
When stores were loaded on the wing
pylons, safety pins were inserted in the pylons to prevent them from
being inadvertently jettisoned. These pins were always inserted from
the outboard side. That meant that on the left wing only, the small
door that allowed access to the cartridge actuating devices (CAD) had
to be opened whenever the pins were inserted.
F-111C Notes
Australian bought 24 F-111C aircraft
with the extended wing tips and strengthened landing gear of the FB-111A
design (although its avionics remained virtually identical to those
in the F-111A). Initial delivery occurred in July 1968. Four F-111Cs
were modified to RF-111C standard in 1979-80 by installing a pallet
in the weapons bay and a control panel in the cockpit (A8-126, 134,
143, and 146).
During 1983, F-111C A8-147 was modified
with the same Pave Tack system used by the F-111F. All other F-111Cs
were modified in Australia beginning in March 1985. At about the same
time, they received other modifications to make them compatible with
the GBU-15 glide bomb, but without the AN/AXQ-14 data link pod. Three
final weapons which were unique to the F-111C community were the indigenous
Karinga cluster bomb, AGM-84 Harpoon, and AGM-88 HARM.
The F-111C fleet received the avionics
update program (AUP) in the early 1990s. This resulted in a cockpit
configuration similar to Pacer Strike F-111F.
F-111E Notes
Only 25 F-111Es received the extensive
Avionics Modernization Program (AMP) changes during 1990-92.
They were 68-0022, 0027, 0032, 0040/41, 0044, 0047/48, 0050, 0054, 0063,
0067/68, 0071/77, 0079/80, 0082/84).
These aircraft replaced F-111Gs at the 428th FS in July 1993, but were
retired soon thereafter.
F-111F Notes
During the early 1980s all F-111Fs were
modified with the Pave Tack system which enabled the WSO to visually
acquire targets 24-hours a day using high-quality infrared video, and
self-designating them with a laser for attack with laser guided bombs
(LGB). Integration of this system required additional cockpit controls
and displays, the most significant of which was the virtual image display
(VID).
Starting in 1993, 21 F-111Fs were upgraded
by Rockwell’s Pacer Strike program to make them very similar to
the AMP F-111Es. They were: 70-2399, -2405, -2411; 71-0883, -0884, -0886,
-0887, -0888, -0889, -0890, -0891, -0893; 72-1442, -1443, -1444, -1446;
73-0710; 74-0178, -0180, -0184, -0185, -0186. All were initially assigned
to the 524th FS, with some later being transferred to the 523rd FS.
72-1444 was originally at Eglin AFB and went directly to the 523rd.
Paint Scheme Notes
F-111As had a different camouflage pattern
than all the other tactical variants. This is most evident around the
nose. They initially had white undersides, but this was changed to olive
drab on the Harvest Reaper F-111As. By the time of the Constant Guard
V deployment to Thailand in 1972 the undersides were black, a color
used until the overall gray scheme was adopted by tactical F-111s in
the early 1990s. F-111s were the last aircraft to use the Vietnam era
colors, with Desert Storm aircraft using this scheme because most aircrew
found it much easier to fly tactical formation with.
US-based F-111A and F-111Ds had hard-edged
patterns, virtually identical between aircraft, while European-based
F-111Es and F-111Fs had soft edged patterns, which were generally similar
from one aircraft to the next.
FB-111As were painted in a unique scheme
using SAC colors. Aircraft 68-0250 was painted in a new ‘European
One’ scheme in early May 1984, with all other FB-111As being repainted
in due course.
Libya Raid Aircraft: When the
Libya raid occurred, the tail codes and national insignia were flat
black. Some aircraft carried color wing and squadron insignia (the former
on the left, the latter on the right). The last three digits of the
tail number were stenciled in white on the front-bottom corner of both
nose wheel doors. Pilot and crew chief names were painted in white on
the left nose gear door, while the WSO and assistant crew chief names
were on the right. No AIM-9s were carried. Within a couple of months
of the raid, a hand-painted rendition of the World War II North African
Campaign ribbon began to appear on all 48th TFW aircraft (these were
carried until the aircraft transferred to Cannon AFB after the Gulf
War). None of the raid aircraft received any special markings except
for 70-2390, which eventually was adorned for a short period with a
small (about eight-inch long) vertical white bomb, shaped very much
like a Fat Man atomic bomb. It was located on the left side of the fuselage
just in front of and slightly below the bottom front corner of the escape
capsule.
Desert Storm Aircraft:
The 493 TFS reversed black and yellow
on its squadron patch after Desert Storm, and its fin cap became black
with yellow stripes. All F-111Fs based at Lakenheath were inflicted
with an incorrectly proportioned national insignia from the late 1980s,
many until they transferred to Cannon AFB. Applied with a stencil that
made the ‘bars’ about half again as long as they should be,
these solid-pattern insignia were applied to many aircraft during the
Gulf War. A correctly proportioned F-15E type broken-pattern stencil
insignia started being used on the F-111Fs at Lakenheath at about the
time that the F-15Es started arriving there.
Gray Scheme: Starting in 1990 the depot
in Sacramento, where all stateside-based F-111s were overhauled, had
to stop painting aircraft because of environmental concerns. At about
the same time a decision was made to change to a different type of paint
stripping process and paint. The new paint was the same 36118 Gunship
Gray used on F-15Es. F-111Ds and F-111Gs were painted at the rate of
about one per week at Cannon AFB, where the priority became painting
over the former FB-111As’ SAC colors as quickly possible. After
the first few airplanes were painted, it was discovered that the accumulation
of oil on the belly beneath the engine bays interfered with paint adhesion
enough that the area between the ventral strakes was left the old color
on many aircraft. As the gray color scheme was applied, the squadron
colors were again applied as stripes on the upper fin. The new scheme
wasn’t at all popular with European aircrew, with the few aircraft
that were painted that way being quickly repainted. Only the first AMP
F-111E saw combat in gray paint; aircraft 68-0050 flew a single combat
sortie on 25 February. (Although FB-111A 68-0294 and F-111G 67-7194
had experimental radomes of 36081 gray fitted beginning about 1990,
the black radomes remain standard.)
F-111Cs used Vietnam-era colors
and F-111D/E/F patterns until being painted gray a year after the acquisition
of the ex-USAF F-111Gs.
EF-111As had a unique gray color
scheme, and had never carried squadron colors.
WEBMASTER's NOTE: Paint colours here.
Edited by Assistant Webmaster
David de Botton - Flash@F-111.net
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