F-111 Wings
By Jim Rotramel
 F-111As had a slightly different camouflage pattern than all the
other tactical variants. This is most evident around the nose. They initially had white
undersides, but this was changed to FSN 34102 green on the Harvest Reaper F-111As. The
green belly was dropped soon after1968 the Combat Lancer deployment to SEA and by the time
of the Constant Guard V deployment to Thailand in 1972 the undersides were black, a color
used until the overall gray scheme was adopted by tactical F-111s in the early 1990s. The
early aircraft also featured walkway markings on the upper wing and fuselage, which was
later omitted. F-111s were the last aircraft to use the Vietnam era colors, with Desert
Storm aircraft using this scheme because most aircrew found it much easier to fly tactical
formation with. |
A pair 493rd TFS F-111Fs from
the 48th TFW orbiting near Konya Bombing Range in south-central Turkey in February 1986,
two months before Operation El Dorado Canyon. Note the difference in profile when the Pave
Tack pod was retracted (foreground) and extended (background). Also, note that the
AN/ALQ-131 ECM pods at this time had white radomes. Each aircraft was armed with
GBU-10E/Bs (with blue, inert warheads) on the outboard pylons and SUU-21/A practice bomb
dispensers in the inboard pylons.
The wings had full-span slats and double-slotted flaps. The trailing edge of the flaps had
a curious ‘bump’ on all variants of the aircraft. They swept back into the top
of the fuselage and were covered by large panels called ‘over-wing fairings’.
These fairings were hinged at the front to lift up during supersonic or high-G flight and
equalize air pressure within the fuselage/wing cavity.
Roll control was provided by two sets of spoilers. The inboard set ‘locked down’
when the wings swept past 45 degrees, while the outboards locked down at 47 degrees.
The FB-111A, F-111B and F-111C featured wingspans extended by seven feet.
When parked, the F-111’s wings were usually either swept back to 54 degrees or
forward to 16 degrees with the flaps at 35 degrees and slats extended (the stabilizers
‘drooped’ until supplied with hydraulic pressure during engine start). NOTE: you
DON’T have to buy aftermarket flaps and slats—it’s perfectly acceptable to
build a parked aircraft with the flaps and slats retracted.
After engine start, the wings were set to 16 degrees during the ground checks, and
normally to 54 degrees for taxi. Prior to takeoff they were again put to 16 degrees with
the slats down and the flaps at 25 degrees. At this time the ‘ground roll
spoiler’ switch was activated, raising the spoilers whenever both throttles were in
idle. This feature killed lift and shortened the ground roll during landings or takeoff
aborts.
Takeoff was at about 160 KTAS, and the wings were quickly ‘cleaned up’ and swept
to 26 degrees for climb out, initial cruise, and/or air refueling. The most common sweep
settings for low level were 35 or 44 degrees, with the latter being used for
‘toss’ weapon deliveries.
Depending on the amount of fuel remaining, landing approaches were normally flown at
slightly slower speeds than takeoff, with the sweep set at 16-20 degrees, slats down and
flaps at 35 degrees (25 degrees if single engine). After landing, the ground roll spoiler
switch was deactivated and the wings swept to 54 degrees for taxi back to parking.
The fabric wing seal that
covered the wing cavity is shown above
Above left - The top of an
F-111D wing with the flaps and slats fully deployed.
Above right - The bottom of an F-111D wing
the flaps and slats fully deployed. Note that while the pylons are flush with the wing in
front of the pivot point, there is a gap between the two aft of that.
Scaledown has produced wings with flaps and slats extended for both short and long wings.
The wings are complete units, including precut wings that allow you to throw away the kit
wings. Because of resin shrinkage, the fit of the flaps and slats isn’t perfect, but
shouldn’t pose a problem for a reasonably capable modeler. One note on the short
wings—fill the hole for the outboard pylon. Short-wing airplanes never used that
pylon.
Paragon has produced a modification kit for the short wing airplanes for extended flaps
and slats as well. These are a bit more of a modeling challenge because they require you
to cut away the front and back of the kit wings. Shrinkage is a minor problem with these
wings as well, but a good model can be made using this kit as well. One nice touch with
the Paragon kit is the inclusion of photo-etch parts to simulate the fabric wing cavity
seals.
Wing Stations
All F-111s were constructed with provisions for four outboard pylons fixed for carriage at
26 degrees of wing-sweep. However, of these, only the inboard fixed pylons were used
operationally, and only by FB-111As for carriage of two extra 600-gal external fuel tanks
(explaining the ‘pigeon-toed’ appearance of some FB-111A fuel tanks on takeoff).
Other variants only used the four movable inboard pylons, with external tank carriage
being limited to F-111Cs, F-111Es, and F-111Fs (and ONLY from the outboard pylon).
Operationally, fuel tanks would probably only be used in conjunction with AGM-69A SRAMs
(FB-111As only) or B61 nuclear weapons on the inboard pylons.
The “600-gallon” external fuel tanks in the Minicraft F-111 kits were woefully
undersized. The Monogram A-10 tanks were closer, but still undersized. Scaledown has
produced corrected fuel tanks, with different versions for both the tactical and strategic
aircraft.
As training aircraft FB-111As modified as F-111Gs no longer carried any tanks. However,
they did retain the FB-111A pylons, which were pointed at the front and more sharply
angled at the back than those found on other F-111s. Scaledown has produced the
FB-111A/F111G pylons.
When stores were loaded on the wing
pylons, safety pins were inserted in the pylons to prevent them from being inadvertently
jettisoned. These pins were always inserted from the outboard side. That meant that on the
left wing only, the small door that allowed access to the cartridge actuating devices
(CAD) had to be opened whenever the pins were inserted.
F-111C Notes
Australian bought 18 F-111C aircraft with the extended wing tips and strengthened landing
gear of the FB-111A design (although its avionics remained virtually identical to those in
the F-111A). Initial delivery occurred in July 1968. Four F-111Cs were modified to RF-111C
standard in 1979-80 by installing a pallet in the weapons bay and a control panel in the
cockpit (A8-126, 134, 143, and 146).
During 1983, F-111C A8-147 was modified with the same Pave Tack system used by the F-111F.
All other F-111Cs were modified in Australia beginning in March 1985. At about the same
time, they received other modifications to make them compatible with the GBU-15 glide
bomb, but without the AN/AXQ-14 data link pod. Three final weapons which were unique to
the F-111C community were the indigenous Karinga cluster bomb, AGM-84 Harpoon, and AGM-88
HARM.
The F-111C fleet received the avionics update program (AUP) in the early 1990s. This
resulted in a cockpit configuration similar to Pacer Strike F-111F.
F-111E Notes
Only 25 F-111Es received the extensive Avionics Modernization Program (AMP) changes during
1990-92. They were 68-0022, 0027, 0032, 0040/41, 0044, 0047/48, 0050, 0054, 0063, 0067/68,
0071/77, 0079/80, 0082/84). These aircraft replaced F-111Gs at the 428th FS in July 1993,
but were retired soon thereafter.
F-111F Notes
During the early 1980s all F-111Fs were modified with the Pave Tack system which enabled
the WSO to visually acquire targets 24-hours a day using high-quality infrared video, and
self-designating them with a laser for attack with laser guided bombs (LGB). Integration
of this system required additional cockpit controls and displays, the most significant of
which was the virtual image display (VID).
Starting in 1993, 21 F-111Fs were upgraded by Rockwell’s Pacer Strike program to make
them very similar to the AMP F-111Es. They were: 70-2399, -2405, -2411; 71-0883, -0884,
-0886, -0887, -0888, -0889, -0890, -0891, -0893; 72-1442, -1443, -1444, -1446; 73-0710;
74-0178, -0180, -0184, -0185, -0186. All were initially assigned to the 524th FS, with
some later being transferred to the 523rd FS. 72-1444 was originally at Eglin AFB and went
directly to the 523rd.
Paint Scheme Notes
F-111As had a different camouflage pattern than all the other tactical variants. This is
most evident around the nose. They initially had white undersides, but this was changed to
olive drab on the Harvest Reaper F-111As. By the time of the Constant Guard V deployment
to Thailand in 1972 the undersides were black, a color used until the overall gray scheme
was adopted by tactical F-111s in the early 1990s. F-111s were the last aircraft to use
the Vietnam era colors, with Desert Storm aircraft using this scheme because most aircrew
found it much easier to fly tactical formation with.
US-based F-111A and F-111Ds had hard-edged patterns, virtually identical between aircraft,
while European-based F-111Es and F-111Fs had soft edged patterns, which were generally
similar from one aircraft to the next.
FB-111As were painted in a unique scheme using SAC colors. Aircraft 68-0250 was painted in
a new ‘European One’ scheme in early May 1984, with all other FB-111As being
repainted in due course.
Libya Raid Aircraft: When the Libya raid occurred, the tail codes and national insignia
were flat black. Some aircraft carried color wing and squadron insignia (the former on the
left, the latter on the right). The last three digits of the tail number were stenciled in
white on the front-bottom corner of both nose wheel doors. Pilot and crew chief names were
painted in white on the left nose gear door, while the WSO and assistant crew chief names
were on the right. No AIM-9s were carried. Within a couple of months of the raid, a
hand-painted rendition of the World War II North African Campaign ribbon began to appear
on all 48th TFW aircraft (these were carried until the aircraft transferred to Cannon AFB
after the Gulf War). None of the raid aircraft received any special markings except for
70-2390, which eventually was adorned for a short period with a small (about eight-inch
long) vertical white bomb, shaped very much like a Fat Man atomic bomb. It was located on
the left side of the fuselage just in front of and slightly below the bottom front corner
of the escape capsule.
Desert Storm Aircraft: The 493 TFS reversed black and yellow on its squadron patch after
Desert Storm, and its fin cap became black with yellow stripes. All F-111Fs based at
Lakenheath were inflicted with an incorrectly proportioned national insignia from the late
1980s, many until they transferred to Cannon AFB. Applied with a stencil that made the
‘bars’ about half again as long as they should be, these solid-pattern insignia
were applied to many aircraft during the Gulf War. A correctly proportioned F-15E type
broken-pattern stencil insignia started being used on the F-111Fs at Lakenheath at about
the time that the F-15Es started arriving there.
Gray Scheme: Starting in 1990 the depot in Sacramento, where all stateside-based F-111s
were overhauled, had to stop painting aircraft because of environmental concerns. At about
the same time a decision was made to change to a different type of paint stripping process
and paint. The new paint was the same 36118 Gunship Gray used on F-15Es. F-111Ds and
F-111Gs were painted at the rate of about one per week at Cannon AFB, where the priority
became painting over the former FB-111As’ SAC colors as quickly possible. After the
first few airplanes were painted, it was discovered that the accumulation of oil on the
belly beneath the engine bays interfered with paint adhesion enough that the area between
the ventral strakes was left the old color on many aircraft. As the gray color scheme was
applied, the squadron colors were again applied as stripes on the upper fin. The new
scheme wasn’t at all popular with European aircrew, with the few aircraft that were
painted that way being quickly repainted. Only the first AMP F-111E saw combat in gray
paint; aircraft 68-0050 flew a single combat sortie on 25 February. (Although FB-111A
68-0294 and F-111G 67-7194 had experimental radomes of 36081 gray fitted beginning about
1990, the black radomes remain standard.)
F-111Cs used Vietnam-era colors and F-111D/E/F patterns until being painted gray beginning
at about the same time as the AUP modifications were made.
EF-111As had a unique gray color scheme, and had never carried squadron colors.
